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Подчеркните ing- form, определите ее функцию в предложениях.
On the other
hand, complex pedagogic cal approaches can be difficult to set up and slow to
develop, though they have the potential to provide more engaging learning
experiences for students. Somewhere between these extremes is an ideal pedagogy
that allows a particular educator to effectively create educational materials
while simultaneously providing the most engaging educational experiences for
students. Summary Marketing can be defined as identifying and meeting
consumers' wants profitably. It is not just selling, but the whole process of
researching customer needs, designing the product, promoting the product,
getting it into the hands of the consumer and ensuring that the cost of doing
all this is less than the revenue. Customer wants are identified through market
research. There are two main classifications of research: desk research and
field research. Desk research is cheaper because it uses published material,
perhaps already available in the firm, in trade magazines, in government
statistics or from some other source. However, because it has been produced for
some other purpose it may not provide the information a firm needs. Field
research can be specifically commissioned, and therefore targeted to provide
detailed information. An example of field research would be a consumer panel
testing and commenting on a trial version of a product. Maturity Time Market
research is the first stage of the product life cycle (see diagram above).
Products go through various stages from introduction to growth to maturity and
finally into decline.
The length of
time it takes a product to go through each stage varies. Some high-fashion
products are designed to go through all the stages in just one season. Other
products, for example cabbages, have been in the maturity stage for centuries. The
vast majority of ideas which firms come up with never get out of the
development stage. This is because firms have decided either that there is no
market for them or that they cannot satisfy the market profitably. The early
stages of the product life cycle are expensive: paying for research, prototypes
and machines, training workers, advertising, etc., while at the same time the
product is not generating any revenue. During the introduction stage sales will
hopefully take off, but marketing will still be expensive and production costs
will always be incurred. Even for successful products it will be some time
before the cash flowing in will match all the cash which is flowing out and
that which has been paid out on research and development.
Подчеркните ing- form, определите ее функцию в предложениях.
These staff
members must be able to not only understand the con tent area, but also be
highly trained in the use of the computer and Internet. Online education is
increasing. Computer-based training (CBT) services are where a student learns
by executing special training programs on a computer relating to their
occupation. CBT is especially effective for training people to use computer
applications because the CBT program can be integrated with the applications so
that students can practice using the application as they learn. Historically,
CBTs growth has been hampered by the enormous resources required: human
resources to create a CBT program, and hardware resources needed to run it.
However, the increase in PC computing power, and especially the growing
prevalence of computers equipped with CDROMs, is making CBT a more viable
option for corporations and individuals alike. Many PC applications now come
with some modest form of CBT, often called a tutorial. Web-based training (WBT)
is a type of training that is similar to CBT; however, it is delivered over the
Internet using a web browser. Web-based training frequently includes
interactive methods, such as bulletin boards, chat rooms, instant messaging,
videoconferencing, and discussion threads. WBT is usually a – self-paced
learning medium though some systems allow for online testing and evaluation at
specific times. Pedagogical Elements Pedagogical elements are an attempt to
define structures or units of educational material. For example, this could be
a lesson, an assignment, a multiple choice question, a quiz, a discussion group
or a case study. These units should be format independent, so although it may
be implemented in any of the following methods, pedagogical structures would not
include a textbook, a web page, a video conference. When beginning to create
e-learning content, the pedagogical approaches need to be evaluated. Simple
pedagogical approaches make it easy to
create content, but lack flexibility, richness and downstream functionality.
