Даю 100 балів срочно!!!!!!!!!
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Poverty
There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which is capable to
describe exactly when somebody is poor. There has been an evolution in the
description of poverty. In these definitions, it is shown that poverty is not only lack of
money to buy food, but is also related to living conditions, well-being, health, and
possibilities to change the personal situation. Poverty can be defined in different
ways. Every definition leads to different outcomes, to a different group of people,
which can be considered as poor and, in relation to this, to different policy measures
and a different amount of costs needed to solve the problem of poverty.
Poverty exists for many centuries, but the content of the notion differs from
country to country and from time to time. There is a difference in poverty in Western
Europe and Eastern Europe. There is also a difference in the meaning of poverty in
Western Europe in the last century and today. Last century poverty mostly meant that
a part of the population had to struggle for life and did not have enough money to buy
food: poverty was an absolute notion. Nowadays most of the Western European
countries have comprehensive social security schemes, which cover the whole
population. Almost everybody has a basic income and in some countries this income
is rather high. In those countries therefore poverty cannot longer be seen as a threat of
daily life. There, poverty means that a part of population has arrears in relation to the
average population: poverty is a relative notion.
Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and relative
or secondary poverty. “Absolute poverty” refers to a lack of the basic requirements to
sustain physical life. “Relative poverty” is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of
definitions of absolute or primary poverty by referring to the cultural needs of
individuals and families within the context of the rest of society. An absolute poverty
line is a kind of fixed amount. An absolute poverty line is not meant to change with
the standard of living in society. People are defined as “poor” if their income is below
the line and when some absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты к следующим терминам
1.приводить к разным результатам;
2. политические меры;
3. содержание понятия;
4. угроза повседневной жизни;
5. основные потребности;
6. поддерживать физическую жизнь.
2. Найдите в тексте и новой лексике синонимы к следующим терминам:
pauper; absolute poverty; relative poverty; hot line.
3. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения
poverty; relative poverty an absolute poverty line; primary poverty; poor.
1. … does not change with the standard of living in society.
2. People are … if some of their absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
3. … demonstrates the cultural needs of individuals and families within the
context of the rest of society.
4. … exists for many centuries and can be defined in different ways.
5. … refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life.
4. Выберите те предложения, с утверждениями которых вы согласны и
переведите их на русский язык
1. There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which demonstrates
exactly when somebody is poor.
2. An absolute poverty line means a kind of fixed amount.
3. People are defined as “poor” when they can not sufficiently satisfy some of
their absolute needs.
4. Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and
relative or secondary poverty.
5. “Secondary poverty” is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of definitions of
absolute or primary poverty.
5. Соотнесите термины из текста с соответствующими дефинициями
1. Absolute
poverty
2. Relative
poverty
3. hot line
4. poverty
line
5. bread line
a)… shows the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary
poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families
within the context of the rest of society.
b)… is a communication system that provides for immediate and
direct telephone contact for people having different problems.
c)… is a procedure for distributing to needy people some products
that cannot be sold on the open market as they do not meet the
optimal quality standards.
d)… is lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life.
e)… is a measure of the amount of money a government or a society
believes is necessary for a person to live at a minimum level of
subsistence.
6. Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is poverty? Is there objective and unique definition of poverty?
2. Does the content of the notion “poverty” differ from country to country and from time to time?
3. What did the poverty mean last century?
4. What kinds of poverty do most discussions distinguish between?
