Question

Переказати на 15 речень.
The Ukrainian government introduced the hryvnia in 1996, but its history is much longer. People first used hryvnias in the 11th century, in an area known as Kyiv Rus.The name of the currency probably comes from the Slavic word 'griva, meaning 'mane. A mane is the long hair around an animal's face or neck, for example on a horse or a male lion, so it is possible that people wore hryvnias around the neck centuries ago. The first hryvnias were probably made from gold or silver. In the early 1990s, there was high inflation in Ukraine and prices were rising fast. At the time, people were still using the old Ukrainian currency, karbovanets. The government made the decision to create a new currency in the early 1990s, but nobody used it until 1996. It is not easy to introduce new currencies because there are huge numbers of old notes and coins in circulation. People used both currencies (hryvnia and karbovanets) for a time: they paid for things in karbovanets, but they received hryvnia as change. In only a fortnight, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation. The new hryvnia notes became the only official currency. There are notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 hryvnias, plus coins for 1 hryvnia.Forgery is a big problem with any currency. So how does Ukraine avoid it? Firstly, the printers use special paper and ink. Secondly, there is a polymer thread in the notes. You can only see this when hold a note up to the light. In addition, there are magnetic codes and other security features, but you can't see these when using the notes every day: you need to use a microscope, or ultraviolet or infra-red light.The artwork on the notes is also complicated and difficult to forge. On one side of the notes are the faces of famous Ukrainians, like Volodymyr the Great (1), Ivan Franko(20) and Lesia Ukrainka (200). On the other side there are places. The places change with each new issue and checking the right combination for the right year is another way to find out if a banknote is genuine. For example, the 100 note issued in 2006 shows Taras Shevchenko on one side and a Chernecha landscape on the other, but on the 2015 banknote you will see the Red University Building instead.

Answer 1

1. The hryvnia was introduced by the Ukrainian government in 1996, yet its origins trace back to the 11th century when people began using it in Kyiv Rus.
2. The currency's name, 'hryvnia,' likely originated from the Slavic word 'griva,' denoting 'mane,' possibly suggesting that it was worn as neck ornaments in the past.
3. Initially, the first hryvnias were most likely crafted from precious metals such as gold or silver.
4. In the early 1990s, Ukraine faced rampant inflation, prompting the decision to introduce a new currency, although its actual implementation occurred later in 1996.
5. Transitioning to a new currency posed challenges due to the substantial circulation of old notes and coins in the country.
6. During the currency shift, people initially conducted transactions using both hryvnias and the former currency, karbovanets.
7. Within a fortnight, nearly 97% of karbovanets were phased out, making the new hryvnia the exclusive official currency.
8. Hryvnia banknotes come in various denominations, ranging from 1 to 200, while coins are issued in 1 hryvnia.
9. To deter counterfeiting, hryvnia banknotes incorporate various security measures, including special paper, ink, and a polymer thread visible under specific lighting conditions.
10. Additionally, there are magnetic codes and other hidden security features on the notes that are detectable only with specialized equipment.
11. The intricate artwork on the banknotes, depicting renowned Ukrainians on one side and various landmarks on the other, is designed to prevent forgery.
12. The combination of famous figures and different landmarks changes with each banknote issue, serving as a further method for identifying genuine notes.
13. For example, a 100 hryvnia note issued in 2006 portrayed Taras Shevchenko on one side and a Chernecha landscape on the other, while the 2015 issue showcased the Red University Building.
14. The detailed design and changing combinations of faces and landmarks contribute to the complexity of counterfeiting hryvnia banknotes.
15. Overall, these security features and intricate designs help to ensure the authenticity of the Ukrainian currency.