Question

ПОМОГИТЕ 100Б .Common Law and Civil Law


Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law

that evolved from the 12th century. The name comes from the idea that English

medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the

“common”customs of the kingdom. This system of law prevails in Britain and in

those countries, such as Canada and the United States, that were originally

colonized by English settlers.

The common law is based on the principle of deciding cases by reference to

previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative

bodies. Common law can be contrasted to the civil-law system, based on ancient

Roman law, found in continental Europe and elsewhere. Whereas civil-law judges

resolve disputes by referring to statutory principles arrived at in advance, common-

law judges focus more intently on the facts of the particular case to arrive at a fair

and equitable result forth litigants.

General rules or precedents are guidelines for judges deciding similar cases in

the future. Subsequent cases, however, may reveal new and different facts and

considerations, such as changing social or technological conditions. A common

law judge is then free to depart from precedent and establish a new rule of

decision, which sets a new precedent as it is accepted and used by different judges

in other cases.In this manner,common law retains dynamic for change. As the

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote in his book, The

Common Law (1881): “The life of the [common] law has not been logic; it has

been experience.”

Civil Law, term applied to a legal tradition originating in ancient Rome and to

the contemporary legal systems based on this tradition. Modern civil law

systems,which were originally developed in Western European countries,have

spread throughout the world. The term civil law also applies to all legal

proceedings that are not criminal. Under this definition laws regulating marriage,

contracts, and payment for personal injuryare examples of civil law.

The most obvious feature of acivillaw system is the presence of a written


code of law.The codes systematic and comprehensive compilation of legal rules

and principles. Although the contents of codes may vary widely from country to

country, all codes are intended as a blueprint of social regulation that attempts to

guide individuals through society from birth to death.

The civil law tradition makes a sharp distinction between private and public

law. Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relation ships

such as marriage, divorce ,and contractual agreements. Public law consist so

flatters that concern the government: constitution allaw,criminal law,and

administrative law. In many countries with civil law systems, two sets of courts

exist—those that hear public law cases and those that address matters of private

law.

The role of judges in civil law jurisdictions differs considerably from that of

judges in common law systems. When different facts or new considerations arise,

common law judges are free to depart from precedent and establish new law. The

civil law tradition views judges as government officials who perform essential but

uncreative functions. Civil law judges administer the codes that are written by legal

scholars and enacted by legislators. They may also consult legal treatises on the

issue in question. The civil law system assumes that there is only one correct

solution to a specific legal problem. Therefore, judges are not expected to use

judicial discretion or to apply their own interpretation to a case.

TASK 1.Answer the following questions:

1. What does the term common law refer to?

2. In what countries does common law system prevail?

3. How common law can be contrasted to the civil-laws ystem?

4. What is the main principle of the common law legal system?

5. What Is the difference in resolving disputes between common-law judges

and civil-law judges?

6. What is a precedent?

7. When a judges an depart from the precedent?




8. What are the two meanings of the term civil law?

9. In what countries is civil law system used?

10. What is the distinction between private and public law?

11. What is the difference in the role of judges in civil law jurisdictions and in

common laws systems?

Answer 1

Ответ:

1. The term common law refers to the main body of English unwritten law.
2. Common law system prevails in Britain and its former colonies.
3. In common law system, unwritten law is more important than written code of law, while in civil law system, it is the other way round.
4. Deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions, rather than to written statutes drafted by legislative bodies.
5. Common law judges focus on the facts of the particular case, while civil law judges refer to statutory principles.
6. Precedents are previous judicial decisions that serve as guidelines for common law judges deciding similar cases in the future.
7. Common law judges can depart from precedent if different facts and new considerations arise.
8. Civil law means both a legal tradition based on Roman law and all legal proceedings that are not criminal.
9. Civil law system is found in continental Europe, as well as in most countries, apart from those where common law is used.
10. Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relationships, while public law consists of matters that concern the government.
11. Common law judges can depart from the precedent and establish new law, while civil law judges are seen as government officials.

Объяснение:

Перевод текста во вложениях.

1. Для обозначения чего используется термин "общее право"?

Термин "общее право" обозначает основную часть английского неписаного права.

2. В каких странах превалирует система общего права?

Система общего права превалирует в Британии и ее бывших колониях.

3. Как общее право можно противопоставить системе гражданского права?

В системе общего права неписаный закон более важен, чем свод законов; в гражданском праве все наоборот.

4. Каков главный принцип системы общего права?

Рассмотрение дел основано на обращении к предыдущим судебным решениям, а не к писаному праву, утвержденному законодательными органами.

5. В чем разница подходов к разрешению споров у судей общего права и гражданского права?

Судьи общего права фокусируются на фактах конкретного дела, тогда как судьи гражданского права обращаются к установленным законом принципам.

6. Что такое прецедент?

Прецеденты - это предыдущие судебные решения, которые служат руководством для судей общего права, разрешающих подобные дела в будущем.

7. Когда судьи имеют право отойти от прецедента?

Судьи общего права могут отойти от прецедента, если появляются новые факты и соображения.

8. Какие два значения есть у термина "гражданское право"?

Гражданское право обозначает одновременно и правовую традицию, основанную на Римском праве, и все процессуальные действия, не относящиеся к сфере уголовного права.

9. В каких странах применяется система гражданского права?

Систему гражданского права можно найти в континентальной Европе и большинстве стран, кроме тех, где используется общее право.

10. В чем различие между публичным и частным правом?

Частное право включает в себя правила, регулирующие гражданские и коммерческие отношения, тогда как публичное право состоит из вопросов, имеющих значение для правительства.

11. Чем различаются роли судей в системах общего и гражданского права?

Судьи общего права могут отойти от прецедента и установить новый закон, тогда как судей гражданского права рассматривают как государственных должностных лиц.

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