Предмет: История, автор: anulik18072009

Пожалуйста, помогите!!!

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Автор ответа: Gus5683

1

1.Располагалось в северной части Руси от Северного Ледовитого океана до верховьев Волги, и от Балтийского моря до Уральских гор.

2.Много болот и скудостной почвы. Условия для земледелия - удасные.

3.Крупнеишие города—Новгород, Псков, Ладога, Руса, Вятка, Торжок, Волок на Ламе, Вологда, Бежецк.

4.Основными занятиями новгородцев были ремесло и торговля.

5.Формой правления была аристократическая республика.

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Great Britain: a Country of Traditions

Just like families have their own traditions, so do countries. It’s common knowledge that the British are lovers of traditions. Each season in Britain is connected with various colourful traditions, customs and festivals.

SPRING
St. David’s Day. March 1st is a very important day for Welsh people. It’s St. David’s Day. He is the ‘patron’ or national saint of Wales. On March 1st, the Welsh celebrate St. David’s Day and wear daffodils in the buttonholes of their coats or jackets.

May Day. May 1st was an important day in the Middle Ages, the celebration of summer’s beginning. For that day people decorated houses and streets with branches of trees and flowers. In the very early morning young girls went to the fields and washed their faces with dew. They believed this made them beautiful for a year after that. Also on May Day the young men of each village tried to win prizes with their bows and arrows. People put up a striped maypole decorated with flowers and danced round it. Some English villages still have maypole dancing on May 1st.

SUMMER
The Trooping of the Colour. The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st, but she has an ‘official’ birthday, too. That’s on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen’s official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of the Colour. It’s a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of soldiers at Horse Guards’ Parade in London. The Queen’s soldiers, the Guards, march in front of her. At the front of the parade is the flag or ‘colour’. The Guards are trooping the colour. Thousands of Londoners and visitors watch Horse Guards’ Parade. And millions of people at home watch it on television.

Highland Games. In summer, Scottish people traditionally meet together for competitions called Highland Games. After Queen Victoria visited the games at Braemar in 1848, the Braemar games became the most famous tradition in Scotland. Today thousands of visitors come to see sports like tossing the caber or throwing the hammer. The games always include Scottish dancing and bagpipe music.

AUTUMN
The State Opening of Parliament. Parliament governs modern Britain. But traditionally the Queen opens Parliament every autumn. She travels from Buckingham Palace to the Houses of Parliament, in a gold carriage - the Irish State Coach. At the Houses of Parliament the Queen sits on a throne in the House of Lords. Then she reads the Queen’s Speech. At the State Opening of Parliament the Queen wears a crown and crown jewels.

Guy Fawkes Day. November 5th is Guy Fawkes Day in Britain. All over the country people build wood fires, or ‘bonfires’, in their gardens. On top of each bonfire is a straw man. That is a figure of Guy Fawkes. He was one of a band of conspirators who wanted to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill King James I and his ministers. However, the plot failed, Fawkes was caught on the 5th of November 1605. The conspirators were executed and Britain has celebrated Guy Fawkes night since then. Before November 5th, children use their guys to make money. They stand in the street and shout ‘Penny for the guy’. Then they spend the money on fireworks.

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Carol Singing. Originally, carols were songs performed with dancing at Christmas and other festivals. They were often sung outside houses by costumed actors called Mummers. Many of today’s carols have been written since the 19th century as Christmas hymns celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ.

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