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I. Inventors (Изобретатели)

1. "Only now, after two centuries have passed, can we grasp in full and appreciate all that was done by this giant of science", wrote S. Vavilov. "His achievements in the spheres of physics, chemistry, astronomy, instrument-making, geology, geography, linguistics and history would be worthy of the activities of the whole academy." This man was the first person to record the freezing point of mercury, explained the formation of icebergs. He was that who wrote a grammar book that reformed the Russian literary language. Who was he?

2. 1. He died in Hawaii. 2. He joined the British Navy as a teenager. 3. Although his education mostly included algebra, geometry, trigonometry and astronomy, he was awarded by the Royal Society (of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) for a paper on scurvy. 4. In 1779, in spite of the war the American colonies waged against Britain, Benjamin Franklin recommended captains of American warships to treat him with kindness and civility. 5. The Americans named their space shuttle after his ship. What is his name?

3. He was so famous as an inventor that people thought there was nothing he could not do. They began to call him the “Wizard” as if he could produce an invention like magic. Only few people realized how hard he worked – often 20 hours a day – and the most of his inventions were the results of hundreds of experiments. He spent all his free time experimenting. His motto was: “I find what the world needs; then I go and try to invent it.” He never considered himself a brilliant man and once remarked that genius was “2 per cent inspiration and 98 per cent perspiration.” What is his name?

4. Influenced by the ideas of Malthus, he proposed a theory of evolution occurring by the process of natural selection. What is his name?

5. Here are some facts from the biography of this outstanding man.

In 1885 he set up a speed record for trains.

In 1955 as a result of a domestic accident (he fell off his toilet and bumped on the sink) he hit upon a fantastic idea.

In 1985 he made at least three big travels.

By the way, he named his two sons after his favourite French writer. What is his name?

6. The revolutionarily fast ‘balloon frame construction’ of hammering together timber frames changed the fate of Fort Dearborn. In 1832, there were but a hundred inhabitants in it. In sixty years, renamed, it boasted the population of a million. What is it called now?

7. They were the first to build the first airplane in 1903. Before flying it they tested it in a wind tunnel. What are their names?

8. One lovely summer day in 1948, a Swiss amateur-mountaineer and inventor decided to take his dog for a nature hike. The man and his faithful companion both returned home covered with burrs, the plant seed-sacs that cling to animal fur in order to travel to fertile new planting grounds. The man neglected his matted dog, and with a burning curiosity ran to his microscope and inspected one of the many burrs stuck to his pants. He saw all the small hooks that enabled the seed-bearing burr to cling. This invention

was finished and patented in 1955. The inventor formed the company to manufacture his invention. Today it is a multi-million dollar industry. Not bad for an invention based on Mother Nature. What is it?

9. When and by whom was the first automatic station planted in the world on the moon? What was the purpose of studying the surface of the moon?

10. As the Head of the Instrumentation Division at Brookhaven National Laboratory, he invented the world’s first video game to entertain visitors to the Brookhaven National Laboratory. He is said to have expressed regret that he would more likely be famous for his invention of a game than for his work on nuclear non-proliferation. What is his name? When was this computer game born? What was its name?​

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