Предмет: Қазақ тiлi, автор: mmaltuganova

Помагите по казахскому пожалуйста

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Автор ответа: nurbibiostmir

Синоним сөздер

Ізетті ибалы

Қарт кәрі

Сұлу көрікті

Жуас момың

Антонимдер

Кең тар

Жеңіл ауыр

Тұнық лай

mmaltuganova: Рахмет

nurbibiostmir: Оқасы жоқ рамазан қабыл болсын❤

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Предмет: Английский язык, автор: bvsego

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BRIEF HISTORY OF PETROLEUM
All of the oil world is divided into: 1) The "upstream" comprises exploration
and production; 2) The "midstream" is the tankers and pipelines that carry crude oil to
refineries; 3) The "downstream" which includes refining, marketing, and distribution,
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By generally accepted theory, crude oil is formed from organic waste –
primarily microscopic plankton floating in seas, and also land plants – that
accumulated at the bottom of oceans, lakes, and coastal areas. Over millions of years,
this organic matter, rich in carbon and hydrogen atoms, was collected beneath layers
of sediments. Pressure and underground heat "cooked" the plant matter, converting it
into hydrocarbons – oil and natural gas. The tiny droplets of oil liquid migrated
through small pores and fractures in the rocks until they were trapped.
Typically, in such a reservoir, the lightest gas fills the pores of the reservoir
rock as a "gas cap" above the oil. When the reservoir is drilled the oil fluid flows into
the well and then to the surface. "Gushers" – "oil fountains" as they were called in
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rising oil.
As production continues over time, the underground pressure runs down, and
the wells need help to keep going, either from surface pumps or from gas reinjected
back into the well, known as "gas lift". What comes to the surface is hot crude oil,
sometimes accompanied by natural gas.
But as it flows from a well, crude oil itself is a commodity with very few direct
uses. Virtually all crude is processed in a refinery to turn it into useful products like
gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel and fuel oil.
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processes to obtain higher-value products.
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world, the basic unit remains in "barrel", the 42-gallon barrel, though there is hardly
an oil man today who has seen an old-fashioned crude oil barrel, except in a museum.

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