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FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS
Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some buildings. Houses are built for dwelling. Large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes. Theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people. The purpose of modern buildings differs widely but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees. Some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain but others settled in caves. When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa. When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures. Trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches. Skins were raised on poles and formed tents. Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings. They were lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for structures of later historic times. In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age. The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. In the days of early civilization, when men had learnt how to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first, the difference was mainly in size: the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built 20 higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above. The earliest houses of which something is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it. Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey. In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house there was the hearth and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.
2. ответьте на во по тексту:
1. Where does a man spend most of the time? 2. What is the aim of building houses? 3. What buildings are built for cultural activities of the people? 4. Why did primitive men build their houses? 5. Where did primitive men look for protection? 6. What was the weather like after the Ice Age? 7. Why were caves chosen? 8. Where did the ancient people paint their pictures? 9. Where can you find such decorated caves? 10. Where were caves imitated? 11. What was taken as a model for huts built of branches? 12. Where were skins raised? 13. What is the earliest type of human dwellings? 14. What was lost in the prehistoric past? 15. Where did people live in the country? 16. What did rich people build in the country? 17. What did these castles serve? 18. When did a man feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place? 19. What was a dwelling of the chief like? 20. Why was it necessary to build higher houses in towns than in countries? 21. What was a typical town house like? 22. What material did ancient people use in Egypt for building? 23. What were the houses like in Greece? 24. What materials were used in Rome? 25. Where was the centre of family life concentrated? 26. Were the earliest houses in Britain small? 27. What was in the centre of their houses? 28. How did the light come into early English houses?
Ответы
Перевод:
ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО ЖИЛЬЯ
Большую часть времени современный человек проводит в стенах каких-либо зданий. Дома строятся для проживания в них. Большие здания строятся для промышленных целей. Театры, музеи, общественные и научные учреждения создаются для культурной деятельности людей. Назначение современных зданий значительно различается, но все они возникли в результате усилий первобытных людей защитить себя от непогоды, диких животных и враждебно настроенных людей. Защиту искали везде. В доисторические времена люди искали защиты под ветвями деревьев. Некоторые люди укрывались шкурами животных, чтобы защитить себя от холода и дождя, а другие селились в пещерах. Когда ледниковый период прошел, Европа оставалась очень холодной, по крайней мере, зимой, и поэтому людям древнекаменного века пришлось искать теплое и сухое место, чтобы укрыться от непогоды. Они выбрали пещеры, жилища, которые не могли разрушить буря и холод. На стенах пещер древние люди рисовали картины. Такие украшенные пещеры встречаются в Европе, Азии и Африке. Когда человек начал строить себе жилище, он строил каменные сооружения по подобию пещер. Деревья были взяты за образец хижин, построенных из веток. Люди поднимали на шестах шкуры и делали шалаши/шатры. Первобытные каменные постройки, хижины и шалаши - самые ранние типы жилищ человека. Они были утеряны в доисторическом прошлом, но служат прототипами построек более поздних исторических времен. В деревне обычные люди жили в простых одноэтажных домах, мало чем отличавшихся от глиняных и каменных хижин прежних времен. С другой стороны, богачи в сельской местности строили огромные замки с толстыми стенами и узкими окнами. Эти замки строились не только как жилища, но и для того, чтобы противостоять вражеским атакам и быть укреплениями во время войны. В дни ранней цивилизации, когда люди научились строить простые дома для своих семей, они начали испытывать потребность в нескольких домах разного вида в одном месте. Сначала разница заключалась в основном в размерах: у вождя или старейшины была хижина или шалаш побольше, чем у остальных людей. Много позже, когда люди начали строить города, увеличилась разница между городскими и сельскими домами. Улицы в городах были очень узкими, и в пределах городских стен не хватало места для строительства, поэтому дома приходилось строить выше, чем в деревне. Типичный городской дом состоял из лавки/мастерской, выходившей на улицу, где человек делал свою работу или продавал свои товары, с кухней позади и спальней наверху. Самые ранние дома, о которых что-то известно, относятся к древнему Египту. Они были построены из высушенных на солнце кирпичей. Некоторые из них были построены вокруг двора или сада с выходящими на него комнатами. У греческих домов тоже был внутренний двор посередине, и вокруг их двора была крытая дорожка, потолок которой поддерживался колоннами. Были специальные женские помещения, обычно на втором этаже. В Риме для строительства использовались кирпичи, и дома часто отделывались штукатуркой поверх кирпича как на внутренних, так и на внешних стенах. Центром семейной жизни был сад-двор, окруженный колоннами и выходящими в него комнатами. Самые ранние дома в Британии были круглыми, построенными из дерева или плетеных корзин, оштукатуренных глиной. В центре дома был очаг, и свет проникал через отверстие в крыше над ним, а также через дверь, потому что окон не было.
Ответы на вопросы:
1. A modern man spends most of the time within the walls of some buildings.
2. Houses are built for dwelling (for living in them).
3. Theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people.
4. Primitive men built their houses to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies.
5. Primitive men looked for protection everywhere.
6. After the Ice Age Europe remained very cold, at least in winter.
7. Caves were chosen because they could not be destroyed by storm and cold.
8. Ancient people painted their pictures on the walls of their caves.
9. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
10. Caves were imitated in stone structures.
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