Предмет: Английский язык, автор: vanektashcher

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Electronic engineering deals with the research, design, integration, and application of
circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information. Information is now
generated, transmitted, received, and stored electronically on a scale unprecedented in history,
and there is every indication that the explosive rate of growth in this field will continue
unabated.
Electronic engineers design circuits to perform specific tasks, such as amplifying electronic
signals, adding binary numbers, and demodulating radio signals to recover the information they
carry. Circuits are also used to generate waveforms useful for synchronization and timing, as in
television, and for correcting errors in digital information, as in telecommunications.
Prior to the 1960s, circuits consisted of separate electronic devices — resistors, capacitors,
inductors, and vacuum tubes — assembled on a chassis and connected by wires to form a bulky
package. The electronics revolution of the 1970s and 1980s set the trend towards integrating
electronic devices on a single tiny chip of silicon or some other semiconductive material. The
complex task of manufacturing these chips uses the most advanced technology, including
computers, electron-beam lithography, micro-manipulators, ion-beam implantation, and
ultraclean environments.

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vanektashcher: Electrical and electronics engineering is the largest and most diverse field of engineering.
Among the most important subjects in the field are electric power and machinery, electronic
circuits, control systems, computer design, superconductors, solid-state electronics, medical
imaging systems, robotics, lasers, radar, consumer electronics, and fibre optics.

vanektashcher: Despite its
diversity, electrical engineering can be divided into four main branches: electric power and
machinery, electronics, communications and control, and computers.

vanektashcher: The field of electric power is concerned with the design and operation of systems for
generating, transmitting, and distributing electric power Engineers in this field have brought
about several important developments since the late 1970s. One of these is the ability to transmit
power at extremely high voltages in both the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC)
modes, reducing power losses proportionately.

vanektashcher: Another is the real-time control of power
generation, transmission, and distribution, using computers to analyse the data fed back from the
power system to a central station and thereby optimizing the efficiency of the system while it is
in operation.

vanektashcher: A significant advance in the engineering of electric machinery has been the introduction of
electronic controls that enable AC motors to run at variable speeds by adjusting the frequency of
the current fed into them. DC motors have also been made to run more efficiently this way.

vanektashcher: Engineers work on control systems ranging from the everyday, passenger-actuated, such as
those that run a lift, to the exotic, such as systems for keeping spacecraft on course. Control
systems are used extensively in aircraft and ships, in military fire-control systems, in power
transmission and distribution, in automated manufacturing, and in robotics.

vanektashcher: Computer engineering is now the most rapidly growing field. The electronics of computers
involve engineers in design and manufacture of memory systems, of central processing units, and
of peripheral devices.

vanektashcher: The field of computer science is closely related to computer engineering;
however, the task of making computers more «intelligent» (artificial intelligence), through
creation of sophisticated programs or development of higher level machine languages or other
means, is generally regarded as the aim of computer science.

vanektashcher: One current trend in computer engineering is microminiaturization. Engineers try to place
greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller and
smaller chips. Another trend is towards increasing the speed of computer operations through
the use of parallel processors and superconducting materials.