Предмет: Английский язык, автор: leonytpaper

Завершите диалог с присутствующие продолжением глаголов в скобках

Приложения:

Ответы

Автор ответа: etoChto

Ответ:

A. are...doing?

B. am watching

A. are...watching

B. Are...doing

A. am reading

B. is...doing

A. Is...playing

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The Cardiac Output

Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle, is considered so important that it is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another reason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail. The work that the ventricle does depends not only on the volume of blood but upon the pressure against which they must beat, and that pressure is about six times as great in the aorta as in pulmonary artery-about80 mmin the first and only about15 mmin the second.

Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke

volume (the volume expelled per beat).

The heart rate is normally controlled by balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and

over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up to the heart. And inhibition of the sympathetic centre would slow down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region as well.

The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which

the left ventricle ejects per beat. Within limits, the stroke volume depends upon the "venous return". The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is increased - as it is in exercise - the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily, so that the heart rate is increased.

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