Предмет: История, автор: KrasotochkaAlincka

Какова была роль Нижнего Новгорода в 16 веке??????????????

Ответы

Автор ответа: nikadryapak
0
Именно там было собрано ополчение для освобождения Москвы от польских захватчиков
Автор ответа: muzafarova2015
0

В XIV веке феодальная, раздробленная на отдельные, часто враждующие между собой княжества, Русь объединилась. Все более сильным и значительным становится Московское княжество. Восставая против ига Золотой орды, Москва объединяет вокруг себя другие княжества. Великая победа на Куликовом поле сыграла решающую роль в объединении русских земель.

В конце XV — XVI веке сложилось единое Российское государство.По-прежнему одной из основных задач Русского государства на востоке оставалась борьба за Волгу, и Нижний Новгород был главным оплотом Руси в этой борьбе. Куликовская битва пошатнула могущество Золотой орды и привела к ее раздроблению на отдельные ханства. В Среднем Поволжье образовалось Казанское ханство. В XV веке казанские ханы постоянно нападали на русские земли. Отряды грабителей массами истребляли русское население или уводили его в плен для продажи на невольничьих рынках Востока. Крымский хан и султанская Турция оказывали им постоянную поддержку.

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Предмет: Английский язык, автор: Пусик25
Переведите на русский язык.
GREAT BRITAIN
The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The total area is about 121 600 square miles. The largest islands are Great Britain proper (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic). Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel which in its narrowest part is only 33 km wide. Britain has a generally mild and temperate climate. All over the world Britain was notorious for its fogs. The smoke-fogs of the big towns usually in winter time, were exceedingly unpleasant, unhealthy and dangerous to movement, but now the situation is much better.
The United Kingdom is a monarchy. The Monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the United Kingdom. Queen Elisabeth II is a descendant of the Saxon king, Egbert. She acts only on the advice of her ministers. She reigns, but she does not rule. The Crown is the second biggest landowner in Britain. The Queen is the third richest woman in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. They are constituted on different principles, do different work in different places and meet only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the coronation and the opening of Parliament.
English people tend to be rather conservative - a little more so, perhaps, than most others. The conservative attitude consists of an acceptance of things which are familiar, and an important aspect of it is an inclination to be suspicious of anything that is strange or foreign. Conservatism on a national scale may be illustrated by reference to the public attitude to the monarchy. Apart from conservatism on a grand scale England is full of small-scale conservatisms: methods of cooking, the business of heating houses in which most English people remain strongly attached to the open fire.
England is highly industrialized and was the country in which the earliest developments of modern industry took place. Many of the great inventions which were the foundation of modern industrial processes are made by Englishmen or
Scotsmen. The original basis of British industry was coal mining. Nearly all English people live in towns, big or small.